Testing the gender similarities hypothesis: differences in subjective task value and motivation to transfer training

ABSTRACT

Are female and male trainees similar or different in their reaction to training programmes, specifically regarding their subjective task value and motivation to transfer? According to the gender similarities hypothesis, women and men are alike on most psychological variables. However, according to research in organizational behaviour, female and male employees differ on certain aspects, such as their job satisfaction and work identity. To test these two views on gender similarities and differences in the context of human resource development and training evaluation, the present study examined the extent to which gender moderated reactions to training. Based on the expectancy-value theory of motivation and self-determination theory, a web-based questionnaire was used to measure six training reactions: intrinsic value, attainment value, utility value, perceived relative cost, autonomous motivation to transfer, and controlled motivation to transfer. The results indicated that women and men differed in their ratings of attainment value but were similar for the remaining five reaction measures. These outcomes support the gender similarities hypothesis. The findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical implications for modelling gender effects in HRD research and their practical significance for promoting training effectiveness and transfer of training.     

Experimental Coastal Land Reclamation: Qianhai as a Case Interpreted

ABSTRACT

Informed by a Coasian transaction cost paradigm enriched by the concept of Schumpeterian innovations, this paper discusses the advantages of using experimental coastal reclamation of the sea to build new cities with a policy for fostering innovations. A new development area at the margin of Shenzhen in China, Qianhai, is used to demonstrate how urban expansion by urban sprawling in a megacity can be avoided by reclamation of marginal land as analytically less costly than along intra-marginal land and more suitable for experimentation for the type of megacity concept that Qianhai aims to achieve.     

网络服务提供者著作权侵权中的双重注意义务

《民法典》侵权责任编对原有通知删除规则进行了科学修正，但事前保护缺位与事后救济程序失范的问题仍然存在。随着网络服务提供者完成角色转型和技术升级，其作为网络侵权风险的控制者和参与者，有必要且有能力承担未通知阶段的主动预防义务和已通知阶段的证明材料审查义务，以弥补著作权保护和用户利益保护的漏洞。双重注意义务应分别与网络服务提供者对侵权危险的预期和控制能力以及材料审查能力相适应。未通知阶段之注意义务以技术措施为主要履行方式，其注意标准的认定应综合考量技术水平、服务类型、内容介入程度、是否直接获取收益等要素，未尽该注意义务仅为过错认定的考量因素而非唯一标准，并不必然导致侵权责任。已通知阶段之注意义务仅限于对提交的证明材料进行形式审查和有限的实质审查，尽到此注意义务的，可以免于承担侵权责任。     

企业利用FTA出口的影响因素分析

当前,以FTA为代表的区域贸易协定正逐渐成为各国开展经济战略合作与竞争的重要手段,但是现实中我国企业对FTA的利用率并不高。为了探寻其中的原因,首先从FTA使用成本和收益的角度建立了一个分析影响企业FTA利用率的理论模型,探讨了企业FTA策略选择背后的作用机制。其次,基于2017年中国—东盟FTA的问卷调查数据,利用有序probit模型进行了实证研究,发现企业获取FTA信息的难易程度、申请原产地证书的时间等FTA使用成本是影响中国企业FTA利用率的重要因素;利用FTA出口则有助于企业增加出口量,使其出口产品更具价格优势,并有助于企业加入全球/区域生产网络和产品供应链。最后,异质性检验结果表明,相对于生产型企业,获取FTA信息困难程度的降低、企业申请原产地证书时间的缩短等更有利于提高外贸型企业的FTA利用率;大规模企业对FTA的利用率受FTA使用所得收益的影响较大,而小规模企业对FTA的利用率则对FTA使用成本更为敏感。为了提高企业对FTA的利用率,政府应当扩大对FTA相关政策的宣传,提高企业的认知水平,同时简化各种审批手续,努力缩短原产地证书申请所需时间。     

Regulation and the future of work: The employment relationship as an innovation facilitator

Digital transformation and the reorganization of the firm have given rise to new forms of work that diverge significantly from the standard employment relationship. Advocates of digital disruption suggest that the existing legal framework cannot accommodate “innovative” working templates and business models. This article, however, argues that labour regulation can continue to facilitate innovation, presenting the employment relationship as a flexible instrument, and standard forms of employment as the means of achieving efficiencies and cost advantages. First, they allow for the full exercise of managerial prerogative and attendant internal flexibility in workforce deployment, and, second, they constitute an effective device to deliver training and develop skills.     

Pension scheme fees and charge ratios in 44 countries: A comparative study

Based on data received from pension supervisory authorities, the article reviews 85 different pension schemes in 44 jurisdictions by looking at fees and charges as well as their legal ceilings and their development since 2014. A key finding is the observed decrease in fees and caps. The article presents jurisdictions according to clusters, i.e. by groups of countries with identical or very similar items already covered by pension fees, and analyses the extent to which various cost and fee elements are covered by fees charged to members. Finally, we calculate charge ratios for each cluster to quantify the impact of fees and charges on pension savings. Occupational defined contribution pension schemes and personal plans linked to employment tend to be much more cost effective than personal schemes that have no direct employment link.     

The Optimal Allocation Combination for the One-Sided Sequential Screening Procedure Based on the Individual Misclassification Error

In this article, the expected total costs of three kinds of quality cost functions for the one-sided sequential screening procedure based on the individual misclassification error are obtained, where the expected total cost is the sum of the expected cost of inspection, the expected cost of rejection, and the expected cost of quality. The computational formulas for three kinds of expected total costs are derived when k screening variables are allocated into r stages. The optimal allocation combination is determined based on the criterion of minimum expected total cost. At last, we give one example to illustrate the selection of the optimal allocation combination for the sequential screening procedure.     

基于双边减排成本信息不对称的排污权二级交易市场拍卖机制研究

本文构建了一个基于双边减排成本信息不对称的排污权二级交易市场拍卖模型，分析了统一价格、歧视价格及混合拍卖机制下卖方收益、排污权价格波动及排污权供给量差异，在此基础上给出了排污权二级交易市场最优拍卖机制，并进一步讨论了相关参数对最优拍卖机制的影响。结果表明：从收益最大化角度来看，最优的拍卖机制为歧视价格拍卖机制，但考虑到价格波动及排污权供给量等其他因素，排污权二级市场交易应选用混合拍卖机制。风险偏好变化对混合拍卖机制下卖方收益及价格波动的影响存在不确定性，当风险偏好超过某一阈值时，随着风险偏好程度增大，需求隐蔽效应占主导，收益及价格波动增大；相反，当风险偏好小于某一阈值时，随着风险偏好程度增大，竞争效应占主导，收益及价格波动减小。价格变动的供给影响系数对卖方收益的影响随买方参与人数的不同而不同。当买方参与人数较小时，需求隐蔽效应占主导，竞争效应不明显，随着价格变动的供给影响系数增大，混合拍卖机制下卖方的收益不断增加；当买方参与人数较大时，卖方收益同时受到需求隐蔽和竞争效应影响，随着价格变动的供给影响系数增大，收益呈先增大后减小趋势。随着价格变动的供给影响系数增大，价格波动呈先增大后减小趋势。